吴庆和雅思写作十讲之二 —— 句之转
（原创： 吴庆和）
前一讲我说了词之转，现在我们来看看句之转，即句型转换、句型多变。
雅思写作评分标准中的GRA(grammatical range and accuracy)表面讲的是语法范围及准确性，而实际的评分操作中最关注的是句型的多样性（当然，这一切都要以语法正确为基础）。说到底，语法与句型的多变是息息相关的——不同的语法形式会要用不同的句型表现出来，而使用任何句型都要做到正确或者准确。句法本身就是语法中的一个方面，所以，要想在写作中获得高分要做到既通语法又精句法，缺一不可。
要达到句型多变，就必须知道有多少种句子，同时还得知道那些句型适合雅思写作，那些只能少用或不用。雅思作文的小作文是说明性的，而大作文是议论性的，所以在句型选择上是有区别的。比如说在小作文里，感叹句、虚拟句及疑问句基本是不可能出现的，而在大作文里，几乎所有句型都可以使用，只不过是数量的问题而已，如问句、感叹句、虚拟句要少用一些。
英语中句子的种类：
按使用目的分，可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、强调句和感叹句；按句子结构分可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。而复合句是相对于简单句而言的，是雅思写作用句重点，也是体现学术性正规性的句子类型。复合句包括定语从句、名词性从句（即主从、宾从、表从及同位语从句）、状语从句（即原因状语、结果壮语、目的状语、时间状语、地点状语）。
如何做到句型多样：
写作是把无形的思维转化成有形的文字。因此，在写作时必须要把握自己的思路，时刻关注自己到底在写什么。可惜的是，很多人无法控制自己的思想，写文章是东一榔头，西一棒槌，讲时髦点是意识流写法，讲不好听点是胡乱写。可想而知，这种情况下写出的句子应该是这样的：杂乱无章、句型单一、逻辑混乱。要解决这一问题，必须学会控制思维，从而学会驾驭句型。
世界本该是五彩缤纷的，我们应该在写作中尽量做到句子形式多样，灵活多变。这就要求我们在文章中多使用几种句型：简单句，复合句，定从，名从，强调句，倒装句，感叹句，虚拟句，非谓语结构，介短结构。要做到句式多变，可以从以下几点着手：
1）组合(并列)
很多考生多次参加雅思考试，却写作从未超过6分，究其原因时，我们往往会发现其低分的罪魁祸首是词汇匮乏句型简单（当然语法也是必不可少的）。为避免整篇文章都是简单句的现象，建议各位采用组合法来增加句子的“档次”。此法很简单，只要把两个以上意思关联或者同向的句子用连接词拼起来就可以啦。
例Internet offers a lot of knowledge. Internet also provides us with a lot of entertainment.→Internet provides us with not only knowledge but also entertainment.
The food is delicious. It is also cheap. →Not only the food is delicious, but also it is cheap.或The food is both delicious and cheap.
其它的关联词可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2)转折
两句话在含义上有抵触或相悖时，就应该想到用转折词把它们连接起来。
例The house is quite old. It is comfortable to live in it. →The house is quite old, yet it is comfortable to live in it.
如果你的语法功底强些，不妨试试让步句型，把此句写成Despite the fact that the house is quite old, yet it is comfortable to live in it.或Although the house is quite old, it is comfortable to live in it.
更多可用的词语：still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding(纵使，尽管，然而)
3)因果
如果前后句在含义上有因果关系，比如说前句事件导致后句的结果，这时就需用因果衔接词把两句变成一句，从而使句子的逻辑性更强。
He was exhausted last night. He went to bed very early. →He was exhausted last night, so he went to bed very early.
当然，如果写成非谓语结构，其档次又上了一层：(也可加Feeling)Exhausted last night, he went to bed very early.
更多词语：then ,therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result of ,for this reason, so that
4)名从
名词性从句是英语写作中较高等的句型，适用于语法程度较好的考生。不过，高等并不等于高不可攀。以下几种简单名从还是容易搞定的。学一学吧，为自己的文章增点色彩。
I can do this. → This is what I can do.
We are not sure whether he can succeed in business. →It is not sure whether he can succeed in the business.(whether（ 引导的名从充当真实主语)
Many people think that it is necessary to ban smoking in public places. →It is thought that it is necessary to ban smoking in public places.(that引导的从句充当真实主语)
如果考虑到用词，此句还可以升级为It is held/maintained that it is of tremendous significance to ban smoking in public places.
同样，主语，表语，宾语也可以改成以下形式：
When to go, where to go ,why he says so, what to do next, whether he will come
5）牵挂（定从）
所谓牵挂就是牵扯与粘连，就是把一些零碎的东西挂在主要的物件上。从语法角度上说，就是使用定语从句对某个词进行修饰。定语从句是英文写作中必不可少的句型，希望大家一定要学会如何使用。
You met the man yesterday. He is a friend of mine. →The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
We must attach importance to education. Education plays a key role in national development. →We must attach importance to education which/that plays a key role in national development.
6）排比
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么希望你尝试使用一个个排比句，一个个对偶句，一个个不定式，一个个的词，一个个的短语，以成排山倒海之势！
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty of information on the Internet for you.
Nowadays, energy can be obtained through sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and the ocean tides.
We have got to study, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.
7）强调
在写作中如果想表达很重的语气时，不要老用very 来形容，建议你试试强调句。最简单的强调句有两种。如下：
Internet has brought tremendous changes to our life. →It is Internet that has brought tremendous changes to our life.(It is + 强调部分 + that 从句)
This opinion sounds very reasonable. →This opinion does sound reasonable.（助动词do/does/did + 动词原形）
8）挑战极限
冒险是要付出代价的，但成功的冒险也会带来丰厚的回报的。英语中虚拟句、倒装句、独立主格及非谓语结构可以说是某些人的极限，写这样的句子的确是一种冒险。听起来可怕，其实没你想象的那么难。多琢磨一下，多抄写此类句子，你总能学个一招半式的。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
If I had got the news yesterday, I would have come to help you.
Had they taken measures earlier, our environment will be better now.
9）长短结合
凡事讲求有张有弛，写文章也是如此。老让读者读长句，不把人闷死，就把人累死！在长句中时常穿插短小精悍的句子，会给人耳目一新的感觉。有时把短句放在段首或段尾，也可以揭示主题：
As a creature, I eat; as a man , I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind, they are in a way quite similar.
以下句型可谓包罗万象，希望大家从中选取一些用心研习，多翻词典，多写多练，尽量做到烂熟于心。
雅思写作核心句型归纳 （它山之石）
1.It is reported that
2.It is estimated that
3.It must be stressed out that
4.Nothing has received more praise and abuse than something.
5.Something leave much to be desired.
6. A is to B what C is to D.
7.Never has something failed to fascinate us in modern society
8.It is no overstatement to say that
9.It is no exaggeration to say that
10.Something is a good case in point.
11.The ever-accelerated updating of something has brought about both chances and challenges.
12.It is \was + 被强调部份 + that \ who + 原句剩余部份.
13.Something is indispensable to somebody in this updating society.
14.On the one hand,
15. On the other hand,
16.An argument occasionally these days is whether
17. For example,
18. For instance,
19. To illustrate,
20. As an illustration,
21. In contrast,
22.By contrast,
23.On the contrary,
24. Whether …depends on whether…
25.It is wrong to assume that
26.When it comes to something,
27. … for the reason that
28. … for the simple reason that
29. For one thing,
30. For another,
31. There is an element of truth in both views.
32. Both views make sense.
33. Some people fail to take into account the fact that
34. In view of the seriousness of this problem,
35. It is indisputable that
36. To make matters worse,
37.To make things worse,
38. On a substantial level,
39. Nothing is more significant than to do something.
40. Nothing is more critical than doing something.
41. Something can never fail to attract people’s eyes.
42. Something is never without its drawbacks.
43. Something is also a double-edged sword.
44. Something is also double-edged.
45. Built on such fact alone, the conclusion remains questionable.
46. The whole argument in question lies in a fact that
47. Considering something,
48. A hot topic discussed by people is whether
49. There is a general debate nowadays about
50. While it is true that I believe
51. Despite the fact that many people still insist
52.Something is a common occurrence in our daily life.
53.There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of something.
54. The discussion about something is a very controversial one.
55.It is adj for somebody to do something.
56.Something has made it adj for somebody to do something.
57.Compared with something,
58.Compared to something,
59.According to a recent survey,
60.People go into raptures at the mere mention of something.
61. People cannot emphasize the importance of something too much.
62. On no account can we do something.
63. People should spare no effort to do something.
64. Something is closely related to something.
65. Something poses a great threat to something.
66. Most people are of the opinion that
67. Little evidence exists to support the claim.
68. One of the pressing problems facing us today is something.
69. Perhaps no issues are more controversial than something.
70. The problem of something has aroused public concern all over the world.
71. It is absolutely essential to do something.
72 .The arrival of something will undoubtedly have a profound influence on our lives.
73. Along with something have come something.
74. Something is perfect example of something.
75.It is essential to examine every angle in order to fully understand the nature of a perplexing problem.
76. According to my personal experience,
77. In the age of something, plays an indispensable role.
78. In this light,
79. However, a closer examination will show this statement is misguided.
80. Not only… but also…
如果把这些句型按功能归类，可以分为：
1)主语从句
It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.
It is well-known that…
It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that…
It goes without saying that… It is universally acknowledged that…
It is / that
2)宾(表)语从句
We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates.
The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.
3)定语从句(限定性和非限定性)
As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ described…in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table…,
There are many reasons why I want to study in your university.
It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds is spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.
4)状语从句(时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等)
When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster (怪物) which will devour him.
Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers.
5)分词短语做定语或状语
Prof. Kang came to our university, giving us a lecture on how to acquire English better.
6)倒装句
Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.
7)被动句
Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.
He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds.
Many people believe that…(It is believed that…)
8)设问句
Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him?
9)比较
1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that...
5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
6.Like anything else, it has its faults.
7.A and B has several points in common.
8.A bears some resemblances to B.
9.However, the same is not applicable to B.
10. A and B differ in several ways.
11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
12. People used to think ..., but things are different now.
13. The same is true of B.
14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...
10)原因
1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.
A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).
2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.
3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...
4. The factors that contribute to this situation include...
5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that...
6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are...
7. Part of the explanations for it is that ...
8. One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...
9. Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...
10. Perhaps the primary factor is that …
11. But the fundamental cause is that ...
11)结果
1. It may give rise to a host of problems.
2. The immediate result it produces is ...
3. It will exercise a profound influence upon...
4. Its consequence can be so great that...
12)批驳
1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.
2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water.
4) Many of us have been under the illusion that...
5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
6) It makes no sense to argue for ...
7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ...
8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...
9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...
13)举例
1) A good case in point is ...
2) As an illustration, we may take ...
3) Such examples might be given easily.
4) ...is often cited as an example.
14)证明
1) No one can deny the fact that ...
2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...
4) Recent studies indicate that ...
5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ...
6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...
15)开篇
1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...
2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...
6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular.
7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...
8) According to a recent survey, ...
9) With the rapid development of ..., ...
16)结尾
1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...
2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...
3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...
4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...
5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.
6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...
7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ...
10) Taking all these into account, we ...
11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...
